Cosmetic surgery is not exactly a 20th century vanity. Although many of
its innovations are the product of only the last two decades, as a field
of medical practice cosmetic surgery dates far, far back - to the times
of the Indian surgical wiz, Sushruta, in fact. That's the fifth century
B.C. and the Sushrut Samhita tells how he used a flap of skin from the cheek
and forehead to restructure a nose lost through accident or punishment.
What's new about cosmetic surgery is, its current popular image. No longer
are nose jobs and tummy tucks a preserve of the affluent set or the glamour
professions. Today, not just movie stars and top-drawer models, but also
company executives, housewives and college students see the aesthetic ideal
as one worth pursuing without apology or guilt.
In India, the process has been nudged along by several specific social trends.
A totally different kind of impetus has come from the promise and possibilities
held out by the burgeoning glamour industry. Thus, the series of Indian
triumphs on the international beauty stage in recent years has proved to
be a major fillip as thousands of want to-be queens look to cosmetic surgeons
to create for them those 'winning' looks and figures!
World History of Cosmetic Surgery
The first medical paper on cosmetic surgery was published in 1906 by
Miller, an American surgeon. It described the "excision of bag-like
folds of skin from the region about the eyes". Miller also published
another paper which carried the first photograph showing the line of surgical
incision.
In 1911, Kolle, another American surgeon, wrote a book titled, "Plastic
and Cosmetic Surgery", incorporating descriptive procedures.
In 1919, Bonguet, an ophthalmologist, described the small crescentric
or angular type of incisions used in blepharoplasty.
In the same year, Passot published a paper describing the various types
of excisions and incisions used in the removal of specific areas of skin
excess.
In 1920, the surgeon, Bettmen, also presented a paper on the facelift
procedure, including "before" and "after" photographs
of a patient who had been operated upon.
In 1926, Hunt and Noel published books on cosmetic surgery in which Noel
emphasized the psychological aspects of cosmetic surgery.
Operations to correct nasal deformities had become more quickly accepted
because many of these deformities were associated with functional problems,
such as difficulty in breathing, which called for correction for health
reasons.
In 1932, the German surgeon, Hollander, described the face-lift surgery
that he had performed in 1901. In contrast to the earlier practice of
excising isolated pieces of skin, Hollander claimed his technique was
the first to use what has now become the classic "around-and-under-and-above-the-ears"
incision that 'lifts' virtually the entire facial skin off its base!
Meanwhile, other surgeons were performing remarkable transformations with
World War soldiers who had been facially disfigured. The War, in fact,
marked a turning point in this field: 'reconstructive' surgery was leading
inevitably to what we all know today as 'aesthetic' surgery for almost
40 years i.e. 1932 to 1973.
In 1973, Rees and Woodsmith reviewed the history of cosmetic surgery in
considerable detail. In 1979, Anthony Erian of England opted to practice
aesthetic surgery as an independent and exclusive speciality. He is a
master of rhinoplasty; and he used a revolutionary laser technique for
his face-lifts.
During the same era, Ziya Sylan of Germany, Bhangoo, Melvin Shiffman,
Julius Newman of the U.S., Katsuya Takasu, Tetsuo Shu of Japan, Julio
Ferrarro of Argentina, Pierre Fournier of France, Georgio Fischer of Italy,
Eduardo Kurlig of Venezuela, Cao Min Zing of China also opted to specialise
practice exclusively in cosmetic surgery.
History of Cosmetic Surgery in India
Many Plastic Surgeons were carrying out Cosmetic Surgery procedure as
a part of their practice but as an independent specialty, the first Cosmetic
Surgery Center of India was founded in Bombay in 4th November 1987 by
author Vijay Sharma as a speciality clinic. Currently, it continues to
offer only aesthetic surgery procedures, including the face-lift, eyelid
surgery, nasal surgery, facial contouring, ear correction, double-chin
correction, liposuction, lipectomy, breast implants, breast uplift, breast
reduction, Chemical Peeling, botox injections and several more
In 1997, the Center also started advance computer simulation software
and Sculptography, which uses a Plaster of Paris cast to obtain a mould
that provides a three-dimensional view of a patient's face; this helps
the patient get more involved at the future planning stage of the surgery.
In Year 2000 a book "Changing Faces" first ever for public on
Cosmetic Surgery in India given by author, second book on Cosmetic Surgery
in Hindi for layman "Saundarya" in the Year 2002 and Hyperaesthetic
Tension in year 2003
Worldwide, cosmetic surgery constitutes about 20 to 70 per cent of the
practice of renowned plastic surgeons. India is no exception, and in terms
of aesthetic sense Indian surgeons are at par with those anywhere else
in the world. On the basis of 15 years of a thriving independent practice,
I can confidently state that the time is overdue for young Indian surgeons
to opt for cosmetic surgery as an independent specialty.
Common Cosmetic Surgery done in India
o Rhinoplasty
o Face Lift
o Breast Implant
o Liposuction
o Scar Revision
o Chemical Peel
o Eyelid Surgery
o Gynacomastea
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o Tatto Removal
o Face Balancing
o Chin Balancing
o Hair Transplantationo Dermabrassion
o Auto Fatgrafting
o Botox Injections
o Laser Surgery
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Responsible Factors
In India we observe that the attitude towards the cosmetic surgery depends
on the several factors as follows:
1. Life style
2. Awareness
3. Socioeconomic status
4. Professional need
5. Phases of the life
6. Important events
7. Self Image
8. Availability
9. Globalization
1.LIFE STYLE:
People of India, who are aware about how to earn and how to invest money
and get the best out of life. In other words, those who know how to balance
the disciplines of life and progress are the major group who opts for
cosmetic surgery.
2. AWARENESS:
Awareness among the Indians and availability of cosmetic surgery goes
hand in hand. The author has experienced, when he immigrated from England
not many people knew about cosmetic surgery, but with the beginning of
first cosmetic surgery centre of India, people started opting for facelift,
nose shaping, breast augmentation, liposuction, chemical peel and till
now we have observed a 600 folds growth in the cosmetic surgery between
1987 and 2003.
After every Radio talk, TV shows, magazine write-up, launching book
or new web-site, author experiences there is an up rise in the number
of enquires from so-called "hidden potential clientele" is a
good observation landmark about awareness among Indians.
3. SOCIO ECONOMIC STATUS:
Though India is a developing country with mixed economy but she has many
maharajas & inherited rich monarchs, century old traders, entrepreneurs
and modern people. So the socio economic status varies a lot and has a
large range of people with a varying paying capability for cosmetic surgery,
but still the cost of Cosmetic Surgery in India is less than one third
of international price.
Enough reason to attract people for medical tourism in India.
4. PROFESSIONAL NEED:
In India the effect of globalization has motivated Indian people to be
more presentable specially at international business convention, meeting
and the beautiful Indian women winning successively four Miss World and
two Miss Universe crowns has boosted the women of India to be more presentable
and to opt for cosmetic surgery.
5. PHASES OF LIFE:
In India the majority of people love being in the joint family. Hence
the common reasons for cosmetic surgery are as follows;
1.Grandfather going for a face-lift before his retirement to have a second
boost of life,
2.Young girl correcting her humpy nose before joining college accompanied
by her parents,
3. After marriage husband bringing his wife for a pair of breast implants,
either due to the hidden desire to have a better breast, which she could
not express to her parents or post multiple deliveries sagginess of the
breast.
6. IMPORTANT EVENTS:
The phenomenon is noticed by author among Indians to get the cosmetic
surgery done is enhanced around special events like birthdays, anniversaries,
Diwali, Christmas, Eid, children holidays, national holidays or summer
and winter holidays.
o Birthday,
o Anniversary,
o Diwali,
o Christmas,
o Eid,
o Holidays
o Completing Decade,
o Beginning of the Millennium
7. SELF IMAGE:
Indians are very conscious about themselves, to maintain their physical,
mental and spiritual well-being. Hence you will find yoga, asanas, massage,
meditation and other traditional practices run in the family besides health
Spa's.
Indian film industry is a land of Superstars, so thousands of actors and
actresses exist in Bollywood, who love their self Image and opt for cosmetic
surgery and become an epitome of "good looks" to be followed
by common man.
8. AVAILABILITY:
Since 1987 Cosmetic Surgery Center of India, is providing world class
services as follows:
o Everything 'To Improve Appearance & Revert the Signs of Ageing
o Recapture Your Youthful Image by..
"Face Lift"
"Nose Shaping"
"Cheek Implants"
"Ear Shaping"
"Breast Shaping"
"Chin Correction"
"Wrinkle Protofiling"
"Hair Transplant"
"Chemical Peeling"
"Auto Fat Grafting"
"Fat Suction"
"Botox Injection"
9. GLOBALIZATION:
India has come up on the world map as premiere to provide quality medical
care and finest doctors in the world.
A . People from 137 countries, they visit India to get more than 10,870
varieties of medical treatments.
B . India is the most economic and reliable when it comes to the advance
medical procedures like.
o Cardiac bypass
o Organ transplant
o Cosmetic Surgery
o Various Surgical Procedures
o Medical Treatments
o Health Checkups
C . 40 % of the National health services of USA and UK comprises the
doctors of Indian origin trained in Indian medical colleges, who are serving
the people of America and England.
D . 68 % of the quality medical care provided in India are the doctors
who have been trained in England, America, Germany and France.
E . Medical community in India is very aggressive in seeking knowledge
and are at par with the rest of the advance countries and in some fields
even better than the advance countries.
F . Potentially India has now the infrastructure in four of private hospitals
to provide quality medical care in rest of the world.
GOLDEN RULES OF BEAUTY by Dr. Vijay Sharma
There are certain facial shapes that are considered attractive. The oval
face is considered the most beautiful for a woman in contrast to round,
square box type or triangular faces. High cheekbones and wide-open eyes
are also considered beautiful.
Looking at it from a strictly medical cosmetic point of view with these
findings make perfect sense.
The oval face leads the feminine grace and ensures that the unfeminine
parts like firm jaw line do not exist. It signifies in essence a feminine
bone structure. High cheekbones mean the individual is more resistant
to facial wrinkles, similarly for wide-open eyes.
1.Oval or egg shape face is always counted better than square, boxoid,
triangular, round or circular faces.
2.The length of the nose and face above & below the nose should be
almost equal to each other.
3.Bright, bigger eyes with high cheek bones spreaded over not more than
one third total length of face gives immediate acceptance.
4.Side profile, if you draw a line it should touch forehead, upper lip,
lower lip and chin all together.
5.Angle of the nose in contrast to the face should be roughly around 30
degree and is counted as the best, but between 25 to 40 is also like compromise.
6.Convex faces are better than the Concave faces.
7. IMAGINARY TRIANGULAR TEST
The outer most portion of left and right eyebrows and the center most
point of the lower lip, In this imaginary triangle unity of all the organs
should be perfect like
ØThe space between both the eyes should be equivalent
to the size of the eye. (Factor X) Yellow line.
ØWidth of the nose and width of the mouth should
have a ratio 3:5 (Blue & Yellow line)
ØThe opening of the mouth should not be larger
than one and half time of factor X.
8. The thickness and the volume of the upper lip verses lower lip should
be 70 / 100 in other words the upper lip should not be more than 70% of
the volume of the lower lip.
9. The length of the body and the length of the legs should be either
equivalent or the legs should be longer than the body, longer the legs
is noted more beautiful, when folded knee should come up to the shoulder
and ankle should touch the bottom.
10. Projection of breast and projection of buttocks from central median
line of the side profile should be absolutely balance.
11. Breast should not project more than the nose while standing posture.
CONCLUSION
The social need of looking good among Indians exist irrespective of
race, cast, colour, geographical distribution or socio economic status
as else anywhere in the world. There is an up rise in the number of people
of India getting cosmetic surgery done by 600 folds.
Definitely there is more emphasis upon youth, beauty and success among
modern Indians as anywhere else in the world.
The media plays a great role about awareness of cosmetic surgery and Indian
media is very aggressive about highlighting anything about cosmetic surgery.
The current growth of 600 folds in Cosmetic Surgery in India between
year 1987 to 2003 is all due to the above mentioned factors.
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